‘Killing with Care’
Locating Ethical Congruence in Multispecies Political Ecology
Keywords:
Human-animal relations, local and indigenous people, multispecies, ethics, political ecology, conservationAbstract
Increasing calls to re-conceptualise human relations with nonhuman nature in the Anthropocene have spurred a range of multispecies studies seeking to analytically de-centre the human to focus on the lives and struggles of nonhumans. Scholars have also called for deeper collaborations between conservation biology, political ecology, and critical animal studies. Research spanning these disciplinary approaches has considerable analytical potential but presents seriously discordant ethical positions for interdisciplinary multispecies researchers like us. This paper centres the personal ethical dilemmas of three political ecologists of conservation to explore what a multidisciplinary coming together portends for the ethics of multispecies research in local/indigenous contexts that involve extensive livestock farming, hunting and animal sacrifice. Here, everyday human-animal interactions span intimate connections, care, fear, avoidance, and death. While these traditional practices may involve varying levels of animal control and suffering, for our local interlocutors, they are central to maintaining claims over lands, livelihoods, and identities. Through three auto-ethnographic accounts, we unpack how a situated relational approach that requires the researcher to deeply engage with all their subjects might offer a productive pathway to multispecies ethics. We argue that an ethical centring of the nonhuman does not equal a political centring. We encourage other researchers like us, who may find themselves ethically conflicted as they wish to uphold their commitments to nonhuman life, species conservation, and socio-economic-cultural justice, to explore a relational, context-specific and politically-engaged multispecies ethic grounded in everyday situated practices of attachment, detachment, and exclusion.
References
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….. 2016. Animal geographies III: Ethics. Progress in Human Geography 40(3), 422-430.
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Guillemin, Marilys, and Lynn Gillam. 2004. Ethics, reflexivity, and “ethically important moments” in research. Qualitative Inquiry 10(2), 261-280.
Guillemin, Marilys, and Kristin Heggen. 2009. Rapport and respect: Negotiating ethical relations between researcher and participant. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 12(3), 291-299.
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Heatherington, Tracey. 2010. Wild Sardinia: Indigeneity and the Global Dreamtimes of Environmentalism. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Hobson, Kersty. 2007. Political animals? On animals as subjects in an enlarged political geography. Political Geography 26(3), 250-267.
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Kiik, Laur. 2018. Wild-ing the ethnography of conservation: Writing nature’s value and agency in. Anthropological Forum 28(3), 217–35.
Kirksey, Eben. 2014. The Multispecies Salon. Duke University Press.
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Margulies, Jared D, and Brock Bersaglio. 2018. Furthering post-human political ecologies. Geoforum 94, 103–6.
Margulies, Jared D, and Krithi K Karanth. 2018. The production of human-wildlife conflict: A political animal geography of encounter. Geoforum 95, 153–64.
Marino, Agnese. 2019. Coexistence with large carnivores in the north west of Spain. Doctoral Dissertation. University College London, London.
Miller, Tina, Maxine Birch, Melanie Mauthner, and Julie Jessop. 2012. Ethics in Qualitative Research. London: SAGE.
Münster, Ursula. 2016. Working for the forest: The ambivalent intimacies of human–elephant collaboration in South Indian wildlife conservation. Ethnos 81(3), 425-447.
Nijhawan, Sahil. 2018. Human-animal relations and the role of cultural norms in tiger conservation in the Idu Mishmi of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Doctoral Dissertation. University College London, London.
Nijhawan, Sahil, and Achili Mihu. 2020. Relations of Blood: Hunting, Taboos and Wildlife Conservation in the Idu Mishmi of Northeast India. Journal of Ethnobiology 40(2), 149-166.
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Ogra, Monica V. 2008. Human–wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: A case study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India. Geoforum 39(3), 1408-1422.
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Singh, Neera M. 2013. The affective labor of growing forests and the becoming of environmental subjects: Rethinking environmentality in Odisha, India. Geoforum 47, 189–98.
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Srinivasan, K. 2014. Caring for the collective: Biopower and agential subjectification in wildlife conservation. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32(3), 501-517.
Srinivasan, Krithika. 2016. Towards a political animal geography? Political Geography 50, 76–78.
Srinivasan, Krithika, and Rajesh Kasturirangan. 2017. In search of common ground: Political ecology and conservation in the development age. Geoforum 82, 87–88.
Sultana, Farhana. 2007. Reflexivity, positionality and participatory ethics: Negotiating fieldwork dilemmas in international research. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 6(3), 374–85.
Sundberg, Juanita. 2015. Ethics, entanglement and political ecology. In, Tom Perreault, Gavin Bridge and James McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology. London: Routledge, pp. 117-126.
Treves, Adrian, Francisco Santiago-Ávila, and William Lynn. 2019. Just preservation. Biological Conservation 229, 134–41.
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 2015. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
van Dooren, Thom, Eben Kirksey, and Ursula Münster. 2016. Multispecies studies: Cultivating arts of attentiveness. Environmental Humanities 8(1), 1–23.
van Dooren, Thom, and Deborah B Rose. B. 2016. Lively ethnography: Storying animist worlds. Environmental Humanities 8(1), 77-94.
van Eeden, Lily M, Mathew S Crowther, Chris R Dickman, David W Macdonald, William J Ripple, Euan G Ritchie, Thomas M Newsome. 2018. Managing conflict between large carnivores and livestock. Conservation Biology 32(1), 26-34.
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Walker, Peter A. 2005. Political ecology: where is the ecology? Progress in Human Geography 29(1), 73-82.
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Wielgus, Robert B and Kaylie A Peebles. 2014. Effects of wolf mortality on livestock depredations. PLoS ONE 9(12), e113505.
Barua, Maan. 2019. Animating capital: Work, commodities, circulation. Progress in Human Geography 43(4), 650–69.
Brightman, Marc, and Jerome Lewis (eds). 2017. The Anthropology of Sustainability: Beyond Development and Progress. 1st ed. 2017 edition. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Brister, Evelyn. 2016. Disciplinary capture and epistemological obstacles to interdisciplinary research: Lessons from central African conservation disputes. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 56, 82–91.
Brockington, Dan. 2002. Fortress Conservation: The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. Oxford: James Currey.
Brown, Daniel, Jeremy Wilson, David Douglas, Patrick Thompson, Simon Foster, Neil McCulloch, James Phillips, David Stroud, Sian Whitehead, Nicola Crawford, and Rob Sheldon. 2015. The Eurasian Curlew - the most pressing bird conservation priority in the UK? British Birds 108.
Buller, Henry. 2008. Safe from the wolf: biosecurity, biodiversity, and competing philosophies of nature. Environment and Planning A 40,1583-1597.
….. 2016. Animal geographies III: Ethics. Progress in Human Geography 40(3), 422-430.
Coad, Lauren, John Fa, Katherine Abernethy, Nathalie Van Vliet, C Santamaria, David Wilkie, Hani El Bizri, Daniel Ingram, Donna-Maree Cawthorn, and Robert Nasi. 2019. Towards a sustainable, participatory and inclusive wild meat sector. CIFOR. https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/publication/7046/. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Collard, Rosemary-Claire. 2014. Putting animals back together, taking commodities apart. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104(1), 151–65.
------. 2015. Ethics in research beyond the human. In, Tom Perreault, Gavin Bridge and James McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology. London: Routledge, pp. 127-139
Collard, Rosemary-Claire, Jessica Dempsey, and Juanita Sundberg. 2015. A Manifesto for abundant futures. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 105(2), 322–30.
Douglas, David JT, Daniel Brown, Simon Cohen, Mary Colwell, Anita Donaghy, Allan Drewitt, Kathryn Finney, Samantha Franks, Danny Heptinstall, Geoff Hilton, Sean Kelly, Patrick Lindley, Ben McCarthy, Neil McCulloch, Barry O’Donoghue, Sarah Sanders, Patrick Thompson and Sian Whitehead. 2021. Recovering the Eurasian Curlew in the UK and Ireland: progress since 2015 and looking ahead. British Birds 114(6), 341–350.
Escobar, Arturo. 1998. Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements. Journal of Political Ecology 5(1), 53–82.
Evans, Darren M, Stephen M Redpath, David A Elston, Sharon A Evans, Ruth J Mitchell, and Peter Dennis. 2006. To graze or not to graze? Sheep, voles, forestry and nature conservation in the British uplands. Journal of Applied Ecology 43(3), 499–505.
Fausto, Carlos. 2007. Feasting on people: Eating animals and humans in Amazonia. Current Anthropology 48(4), 497–530.
Franks, Samantha E, David JT Douglas, Simon Gillings, and James W Pearce-Higgins. 2017. Environmental correlates of breeding abundance and population change of Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata in Britain. Bird Study 64(3), 393–409.
Fraser-Celin, Valli-Laurente, and Alice J Hovorka. 2019. Compassionate conservation: Exploring the lives of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Botswana. Animals 9(1), 16.
Fry, Tom. 2020. “These birds don’t belong here”: The livelihood and sociocultural impacts of rewilded White-Tailed Eagles in the Scottish Highlands. Doctoral Dissertation. University College London, London.
Ghosal, Sunetro, Ketil Skogen, and Siddhartha Krishnan. 2015. Locating human-wildlife interactions: Landscape constructions and responses to large carnivore conservation in India and Norway. Conservation and Society 13(3), 265.
Gillespie, Kathryn Anne. 2014. Reproducing Dairy: Embodied Animals and the Institution of Animal Agriculture. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Washington.
Gillespie, Kathryn, and Rosemary-Claire Collard (eds). 2015. Critical Animal Geographies: Politics, Intersections and Hierarchies in a Multispecies World. 1st edition. London; New York: Routledge.
Ginn, Franklin. 2014. Sticky lives: slugs, detachment and more-than-human ethics in the garden. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 39(4), 532–44.
Ginn, Franklin, Uli Beisel, and Maan Barua. 2014. Flourishing with awkward creatures: Togetherness, vulnerability, killing. Environmental Humanities 4(1), 113–23.
Goldman, Mara J, Joana Roque De Pinho, and Jennifer Perry. 2010. Maintaining complex relations with large cats: Maasai and lions in Kenya and Tanzania. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 15(5), 332–46.
Govindarajan, Radhika. 2018. Animal Intimacies. University of Chicago Press.
Greenhough, Beth, and Emma Roe. 2010. From ethical principles to response-able practice. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28(1), 43-45.
Guillemin, Marilys, and Lynn Gillam. 2004. Ethics, reflexivity, and “ethically important moments” in research. Qualitative Inquiry 10(2), 261-280.
Guillemin, Marilys, and Kristin Heggen. 2009. Rapport and respect: Negotiating ethical relations between researcher and participant. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 12(3), 291-299.
Haraway, Donna J. 2008. When Species Meet. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press.
Heatherington, Tracey. 2010. Wild Sardinia: Indigeneity and the Global Dreamtimes of Environmentalism. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Hobson, Kersty. 2007. Political animals? On animals as subjects in an enlarged political geography. Political Geography 26(3), 250-267.
Holland, JP, C Morgan-Davies, T Waterhouse, S Thomson, A Midgley, and A Barnes. 2011. An analysis of the impact on the natural heritage of the decline in hill farming in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 454.
Kiik, Laur. 2018. Wild-ing the ethnography of conservation: Writing nature’s value and agency in. Anthropological Forum 28(3), 217–35.
Kirksey, Eben. 2014. The Multispecies Salon. Duke University Press.
Lescureux, Nichoals and John DC Linnell .2010. Knowledge and perceptions of Macedonian hunters and herders: The influence of species-specific ecology of bears, wolves, and lynx’, Human Ecology 38(3), 389–399.
Lindsey, Peter, R Alexander, Laurence G Frank, A Mathieson, and Stephanie Romañach. 2006. Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable. Animal Conservation 9(3), 283–91.
Lorimer, Jamie. 2007. Nonhuman charisma . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25(5).
Margulies, Jared D, and Brock Bersaglio. 2018. Furthering post-human political ecologies. Geoforum 94, 103–6.
Margulies, Jared D, and Krithi K Karanth. 2018. The production of human-wildlife conflict: A political animal geography of encounter. Geoforum 95, 153–64.
Marino, Agnese. 2019. Coexistence with large carnivores in the north west of Spain. Doctoral Dissertation. University College London, London.
Miller, Tina, Maxine Birch, Melanie Mauthner, and Julie Jessop. 2012. Ethics in Qualitative Research. London: SAGE.
Münster, Ursula. 2016. Working for the forest: The ambivalent intimacies of human–elephant collaboration in South Indian wildlife conservation. Ethnos 81(3), 425-447.
Nijhawan, Sahil. 2018. Human-animal relations and the role of cultural norms in tiger conservation in the Idu Mishmi of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Doctoral Dissertation. University College London, London.
Nijhawan, Sahil, and Achili Mihu. 2020. Relations of Blood: Hunting, Taboos and Wildlife Conservation in the Idu Mishmi of Northeast India. Journal of Ethnobiology 40(2), 149-166.
O’Bryan, Christopher J, Stephen T. Garnett, Julia E. Fa, Ian Leiper, Jose A. Rehbein, Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, Micha V. Jackson, Harry D. Jonas, Eduardo S. Brondizio, Neil D. Burgess, Catherine J. Robinson, Kerstin K. Zander, Zsolt Molnár, Oscar Venter, and James E. M. Watson. 2021. The importance of indigenous peoples’ lands for the conservation of terrestrial mammals. Conservation Biology 35(3), 1002-1008.
Ogden, Laura A, Billy Hall, and Kimiko Tanita. 2013. Animals, plants, people, and things: A review of multispecies ethnography. Environment and Society 4(1), 5–24.
Ogra, Monica V. 2008. Human–wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: A case study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India. Geoforum 39(3), 1408-1422.
Peterson, Richard B, Diane Russell, Paige West, and J Peter Brosius. 2010. Seeing (and doing) conservation through cultural lenses. Environmental Management 45(1), 5–18.
Philo, Chris, and Chris Wilbert (eds). 2000. Animal Spaces, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-animal Relations. London: Routledge.
Plieninger, Tobias, Franz Höchtl, and Theo Spek. 2006. Traditional land-use and nature conservation in European rural landscapes. Environmental Science & Policy 9(4), 317–21.
Riessman, Catherine Kohler. 2005. Exporting ethics: a narrative about narrative research in South India. Health 9(4), 473–90.
Robbins, Paul. 2012. Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. 2nd ed. Chichester, U.K.; Malden, Mass.: JWiley & Sons.
Roos, Staffan, Jennifer Smart, David W Gibbons, and Jeremy D Wilson. 2018. A review of predation as a limiting factor for bird populations in mesopredator-rich landscapes: a case study of the UK. Biological Reviews 93(4), 1915–37.
Sandbrook, Chris. 2015. What is conservation? Oryx 49(4), 565–66
Sandbrook, Chris, Janet A. Fisher, George Holmes, Rogelio Luque-Lora & Aidan Keane. 2019. The global conservation movement is diverse but not divided. Nature Sustainability 2, 316–323.
Singh, Neera M. 2013. The affective labor of growing forests and the becoming of environmental subjects: Rethinking environmentality in Odisha, India. Geoforum 47, 189–98.
Sommer, Volker. 2017. Nonhuman primate personhood. In Augustin Fuentes (editor-in-chief), The International Encyclopaedia of Primatology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Srinivasan, K. 2014. Caring for the collective: Biopower and agential subjectification in wildlife conservation. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32(3), 501-517.
Srinivasan, Krithika. 2016. Towards a political animal geography? Political Geography 50, 76–78.
Srinivasan, Krithika, and Rajesh Kasturirangan. 2017. In search of common ground: Political ecology and conservation in the development age. Geoforum 82, 87–88.
Sultana, Farhana. 2007. Reflexivity, positionality and participatory ethics: Negotiating fieldwork dilemmas in international research. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 6(3), 374–85.
Sundberg, Juanita. 2015. Ethics, entanglement and political ecology. In, Tom Perreault, Gavin Bridge and James McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology. London: Routledge, pp. 117-126.
Treves, Adrian, Francisco Santiago-Ávila, and William Lynn. 2019. Just preservation. Biological Conservation 229, 134–41.
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 2015. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
van Dooren, Thom, Eben Kirksey, and Ursula Münster. 2016. Multispecies studies: Cultivating arts of attentiveness. Environmental Humanities 8(1), 1–23.
van Dooren, Thom, and Deborah B Rose. B. 2016. Lively ethnography: Storying animist worlds. Environmental Humanities 8(1), 77-94.
van Eeden, Lily M, Mathew S Crowther, Chris R Dickman, David W Macdonald, William J Ripple, Euan G Ritchie, Thomas M Newsome. 2018. Managing conflict between large carnivores and livestock. Conservation Biology 32(1), 26-34.
Vucetich, John A, Dawn Burnham, Ewan A Macdonald, Jeremy T Bruskotter, Silvio Marchini, Alexandra Zimmermann, and David W Macdonald. 2018. Just conservation: What is it and should we pursue it? Biological Conservation 221, 23–33.
Walker, Peter A. 2005. Political ecology: where is the ecology? Progress in Human Geography 29(1), 73-82.
Walston, Joe, John G Robinson, Elizabeth L Bennett, Urs Breitenmoser, Gustavo A B da Fonseca, John Goodrich, Melvin Gumal, Luke Hunter, Arlyne Johnson, K Ullas Karanth, Nigel Leader-Williams, Kathy MacKinnon, Dale Miquelle, Anak Pattanavibool, Colin Poole, Alan Rabinowitz, James L D Smith, Emma J Stokes, Simon N Stuart, Chanthavy Vongkhamheng, and Hariyo Wibisono. 2010. Bringing the tiger back from the brink—the six percent solution. PLoS Biology 8(9), e1000485.
Wielgus, Robert B and Kaylie A Peebles. 2014. Effects of wolf mortality on livestock depredations. PLoS ONE 9(12), e113505.
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Published
2022-04-07
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Fry*, T., Marino*, A., & Nijhawan*, S. (2022). ‘Killing with Care’: Locating Ethical Congruence in Multispecies Political Ecology. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 21(2), 226–246. Retrieved from https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/2054
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Special Issue - Ethics of Multispecies Research
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